StopIGM.org

>>> Article by Lea on the new German Intersex Law, banning intersex children from having a sex registered on their birth certificate, thus reinforcing the position of power of doctors imposing harmful cosmetic genital surgeries on newborns – deceivingly praised as an ‘option for third gender entry’ and ‘breaktrough’ by lazy navel-gazing online-reporters around the globe that couldn’t be bothered to ask persons concerned and their organsisations.

German feminist blog maedchenmannschaft.net sets the record straight, reporting the facts and interviewing Daniela “Nella” Truffer and Markus Bauer of Zwischengeschlecht.org (the other german speaking groups weren’t available for comment). English translation by Kirsty. Thanks!

>>> Open Letter of Concern to ‘WOFAPS 2013’ Surgeons (PDF)

Cheryl Chase, Founder of ISNA and “Hermaphrodites With Attitude”, on a familiar Intersex Genital Mutilators’ ruse:

»Notice how John Gearhart, a noted specialist in genital surgery for intersex children, evades questioning about orgasmic function following the presentation of his paper on additional surgeries for repair of vaginas surgically constructed in intersex infants. ([…] the discussion was published in the Journal of Urology along with the paper.)

Dr. Frank: How do you define successful intercourse? How many of these girls actually have an orgasm, for example? How many of these had a clitorectomy [clitoris amputation], how many a clitoroplasty, and did it make any difference to orgasm?

Dr. Gearhart: Interviews with the families were performed by a female pediatric surgeon who is kind and caring, and who I think got the maximum information from these patients. Adequate intercourse was defined as successful vaginal penetration…. (Bailez et al., 1992, p. 684)«

Cheryl Chase: “Affronting Reason” (1995). In: Looking Queer, ed Atkins, 1998, p205-219

>>> John Gearhart: ‘Western Cutting of Clitorises is no Mutilation!’ 

>>> INTERSEX-PROTESTS + INFO: Berlin 13.-15.10. ‘WOFAPS 2013’
>>> CALL FOR ACTION! Digging the Dirt on local & regional Intersex Mutilators

>>> Intersex Protests + Info: Innsbruck 6.–10.5. “25th ESPU 2014”

>>> Documentation ‘Intersex Genital Mutilations: History & Current Practice’

>>> Mutilation Wholesale: Why we are targetting the ‘9th Joint Meeting’ 2013

Prof. Dr. Lawson Wilkins, the ‘inventor’ of systematic early cosmetic surgeries on children born with ‘atypical’ sex anatomies, and name patron of today’s North American ‘[Lawson Wilkins] Pediatric Endocrine Society ([LW]PES)’, contributed a foreword to the 1958 revised edition of Hugh Hampton Young’s ‘classic’ intersex genital mutilators’ bible:

[ click to enlarge ] Lawson Wilkins’ foreword to the 1958 edition, referring to Hugh Hampton Young’s 1937 ‘classic’  1st edition, and boasting of ‘corrective procedures and exploratory laparotomies on large numbers of patients studied in the gynecologic, urologic and pediatric endocrine clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.’

The most common ‘corrective surgical procedure’ until the 1980s was cosmetic amputation of ‘enlarged clitorises’ on children, as featured in the 1958 edition on p 278-79 (and unchanged also in the 1971 3rd edition on p 340-41)

[ click to enlarge TRIGGER WARNING!!!] ‘FIG. 325. A. The amputation of the phallus with transfixion of the stump. […] C. Final stage of the operation showing a tiny cosmetic clitoris. The size of this clitoris will vary from case to case and gives a remarkably normal appearance to the external genitalia especially after some pubic hair appears.’

>>> Why we are targetting the ‘9th Joint Intersex Genital Mutilators’ Meeting’ 2013

>>> Lawson Wilkins, Andrea Prader 1950: From Experimentation to Extermination (1)
>>> Lawson Wilkins: “Amputation of the clitoris at the earliest possible time”
to prevent “anxiety in parents” (2)

Intersex Genital Mutilations
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
2014 NGO Report to the UN Committe on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

STOP IGM Primer:
What everyone should know about Intersex Genital Mutilations (IGM)!
>>> Download (PDF, 1.95 MB)

Read moreIntersex Genital Mutilation, Global Inc.: Why we are targetting the ‘9th Joint Meeting of Paediatric Endocrinology’, Milan Sept 18-22

>>> Open Letter of Concern to ‘4th I-DSD Symposium 2013’ (PDF)
>>> VIDEO of the ‘I-DSD’ Protests in Glasgow | Excerpt Featured on ABC Nightline 
>>> ‘I-DSD’: ‘Cruel and inhuman’ surgeries – Press Release 07.06.2013

Protest #1, 07.06.2013, Wilson Medical School
(‘DSD Training Workshop for Young Investigators’), @10.31 am

First, we’d like to thank everyone again who signed the Open Letter to the ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’, helped spreading the word or otherwise lent their support!

As always, during the protests we had honest and good conversations with people and parents concerned, other participants of various fields (even doctors), and many passers-by.

And once more we were delighted that also within the conference people called the perpetrators on their bullshit, and that this was reinforced by our peaceful protests outside and vice versa.

Protest #2, 07.06.2013, Sir Charles Wilson Building
(Venue ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’), @1.13 pm

Needless to say, also at the ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ both forms of objection to the inveterate mutilators were sorely needed. Despite one doctor, who, after realising the presence of persons concerned, quickly tidied up his presentation (i.e. silently taking out the “bloody slides” to make it more palatable, though of course without changing its tenor), many were shamelessly advocating medically not necessary surgeries on defenceless children, proving once more such conferences are anything else than a safe place for persons concerned.

Protest #2, 07.06.2013, Sir Charles Wilson Building, @ 1.16pm: Opening of the ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ (Centre: Prof Dr Olaf Hiort, Team Leader ‘EuroDSD’ and ‘DSDnet’).

Just two examples from Paediatric University Clinics represented at the the ‘4th Symposium’ to illustrate why countering the mutilators was important:

• University Children’s Clinic Sao Paulo, Brazil: Paediatric endocrinologist Prof Dr Berenice Mendonca (also mentioned in the Open Letter to the ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ (PDF), and soon to be again prominently featured at the upcoming Global Intersex Mutilators’ Conference ‘9th Joint Meeting of Paediatric Endocrinology’ in September) made several deeply unsettling remarks during her presentation and the discussions, and continued unfazed despite disturbed reactions by persons concerned.

Protest #3, 07.06.2013, University of Glasgow, Main Gate
(‘Guest Lecture’ and ‘I-DSD Steering Committee Meeting’), @5.37 pm

• University Children’s Clinic Ulm, Germany: Peaediatric surgeon Dr Gabriele Jergl-Corkin, boasted referring to collegue and co-contributor Dr Clothilde Leriche: ‘Over a 27 year period our specialized pediatric surgeon has operated over 600 children with CAH, performing clitoris reductions, vaginoplasties and reconstructions of the labia.’  (see ‘I-DSD Proceedings’ (PDF, p 25)

Protest #5, 08.06.2013, Royal Hospital for Sick Children – Yorkhill
(Homebase ‘I-DSD’ and ‘Scottish DSD Network’), @2.03 pm

Protest #5, 08.06.2013, Royal Hospital for Sick Children – Yorkhill, @12.13 pm:
Police writing up the details of all protesters after complaints from within Yorkhill.
(We got off scot-free in the end.)

• Dr Clothidle Leriche (University Children’s Clinic Ulm, Germany) boasting in front of ‘CAH parents’ last fall, then ‘only’ counted ‘500 CAH girls operated on’, as well as ‘170 other children’ (again including ‘feminising procedures’ only), as Zwischengeschlecht.org revealed earlier this year (report in German). (Obviously, ‘masculinising’ genital surgeries, e.g. ‘Hypospadias Repairs’ were not included in this gruesome statistic at all …)

Protest #6, 08.06.2013, Sir Charles Wilson Building, @4.41 pm:
‘We demand: Comprehensive Information against Manipulation!’  –
Katrin Ann Kunze † at the 1st ‘Zwitter Demo’, State Court Cologne, 12.12.2007

• The resulting figure of at the very least 900 children submitted to genital surgeries (as admitted by the University Children’s Clinic Ulm, Germany themselves) becomes even more unsettling when considering that their “specialized pediatric surgeon” Dr Clothilde Leriche favours “genital corrections between 9–12 months”, as Zwischengeschlecht.org revealed (in German).

Protest #6, 08.06.2013, Sir Charles Wilson Building, @4.09 pm
(Centre:  Prof. Dr. Inas Mazen (‘D$D-Life’, Cairo, Egypt)

• Grand Total of these at least 900 children ‘feminized’ by medically not necessary, cosmetic genital surgeries admitted by the University Children’s Clinic Ulm, Germany themselves: With German hospital records leaked by Zwischengeschlecht.org in 2010 documenting a staggering profit for the hospital of Euro 8175,12 per pedo-vaginoplasty, at least 900 children sum up to 7.3 Millionen Euros + (or at the very least € 7’357’608.–).

Protest #7, 09.06.2013, Sir Charles Wilson Building, @10.06 am

All the more important that the mutilators continue feeling the pressure wherever they gather to promote their atrocities!

Protest #7, 09.06.2013, Sir Charles Wilson Building, @11.14 am:
Pedo Surgeon Prof. Dr. Pierre Mouriquand (Lyon, France)
tries in vain to hail a departing taxi.

>>> ‘I-DSD’: ‘Cruel and inhuman’ surgeries – Press Release 07.06.2013
>>> Open Letter of Concern to ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ (PDF)  

VIDEO Action vs. ‘I-D$D’ Genital Mutilators!
4th I-D$D Symposium, Glasgow 2013
Thanks to Richard Duncker (MenDoComplain)

>>> on Vimeo

STOP IGM Primer:
What everyone should know about Intersex Genital Mutilations (IGM)!
>>> Download (PDF, 1.95 MB)

Documentation
‘Intersex Genital Mutilations: History & Current Practice’
>>> Download (PDF, 2.4 MB)   [ TRIGGER WARNING!!! ]

• Open Letter to ’51st Annual Meeting of ESPE’ 2012
• Open Letter to ‘3rd EuroDSD Symposium’ 2011
• Open Letter to ’11th EMBL/EMBO Conference’ 2010

Opening of the ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’, Sir Charles Wilson Building, Glasgow 07.06.13

>>> ‘I-DSD’: ‘Cruel and inhuman’ surgeries – Press Release 07.06.2013
>>> Open Letter of Concern to ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ (PDF) 

Last year, the network of perpertrators ‘EuroDSD’ got re-branded ‘I-DSD’ and moved its HQ to Scotland, where it will host the ‘4th International DSD Symposium’ at the University of Glasgow. Ethical und human rights concerns re: Intersex Genital Mutilations are not part of the programme, again.
Zwischengeschlecht.org organises an Info Night on Wed 5th, 7pm and 7 Peaceful Protests a.o. in front of the Symposium
from Fri 7th – Sun 9th of June (dates after the break).

Help us reminding the perpetrators that it is NOT OK to mutilate defenceless children!

See also:
• Open Letter to ’51st Annual Meeting of ESPE’ 2012
• Open Letter to ‘3rd EuroDSD Symposium 2011’ in Lübeck (Germany)
• Documentation ‘Intersex Genital Mutilations’ (PDF, 2.4 MB)   [ TRIGGER WARNING!!! ]

INFO NIGHT, Wednesday 5th June 19:00
“Intersex Genital Mutilations – Past and Present”
Dewar Room @ The Albany
44 Ashley Street, Glasgow, G3 6DS

7 PEACEFUL VIGILS + OPEN LETTERS, Fri 7th – Sun 9th
“STOP Intersex Genital Mutilations!”

Friday 7th June 2013
#1  08:30-12:45    Wolfson Medical School
#2  13:00-15:45    Sir Charles Wilson Building
#3  16:00-18:45    University of Glasgow, Main Gate

Saturday 8th June 2013
#4  08:30-10:00    Sir Charles Wilson Building
#5  11:00-14:30    Royal Hospital for Sick Children – Yorkhill
#6  15:30-17:45    Sir Charles Wilson Building

Sunday 9th June 2013
#7  08:30-14:00    Sir Charles Wilson Building

Locations:

Wolfson Medical School Building  (Fri 08:30-12:45)
University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ
(“DSD Training Workshop for Young Investigators”)

Sir Charles Wilson Building  (Fri 13:00-15:45, Sat 08:30-10 + 15:30-17:45, Sun 08:30-14h)
Kelvin Way, Glasgow, G12 8QQ
(“4th I-DSD Symposium”)

University of Glasgow, Main Gate (Fri 16:00-08:45)
University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ
(“Guest Lecture” / “I-DSD Steering Committee Meeting”)

Royal Hospital for Sick Children – Yorkhill (Sat 11:00-14:30)
Dalnair Street, Yorkhill, Glasgow, G3 8SJ
(“I-DSD Homebase”)

>>> Open Letter of Concern to ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ (PDF) 

See also:
• Open Letter to ‘3rd EuroDSD Symposium 2011’ in Lübeck (Germany)
• Open Letter to ’51st Annual Meeting of ESPE’ 2012
• Documentation ‘Intersex Genital Mutilations’ (PDF, 2.4 MB)   [ TRIGGER WARNING!!! ]

 

Peaceful protest outside the Royal College of Surgeons of England, host of ‘ISHID 2011’,
with Open Letters to be delivered to ISHID and RCS, London September 18th 2011

‘ISHID 2011’: Peaceful protest outside the University College Hospital Education Centre,
host of televised ‘ISHID 2011 Live Surgeries’ (‘refreshments included’), London 19.09.2011

>>> ‘I-DSD’ Protests: Picture Report
>>> Open Letter of Concern to ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ (PDF)

Press Release by Zwischengeschlecht.org 07.06.2013:

Doctors at the ‘4th International DSD Symposium’ starting today advocate ‘genital corrections’ on toddlers described by the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture as ‘rarely medically necessary, can cause scarring, loss of sexual sensation, pain, incontinence and lifelong depression and have also been criticized as being unscientific, potentially harmful and contributing to stigma.’ (A/HRC/22/53, paras 77, 76, 88)

Like at the 3rd ‘Symposium’ in Germany in 2011, the arriving doctors will be greeted by peaceful protests lead by survivors of such surgeries, reminding them that it is NOT OK to mutilate defenceless children.

A fact also reaffirmed by an Open Letter (PDF) with 58 signatories as international as the ‘Symposium’ itself, comprising persons affected, their organisations, partners, families, friends and allies, including renowned academics like Professor Milton Diamond.

While the 4th ‘Symposium’ as a commendable late addition features a small ‘Family/Support Group Parallel Session’ (a first!), one crucial element is still lacking:

Like its predecessors, the ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ utterly fails to include ethics and human rights considerations in its ‘Scientific Programme.’

A shame that falls back not only on the ‘Symposium’ itself, but also on its sponsors UK Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow, ‘Scottish DSD Network’ (formerly ‘Scottish Genital Anomaly Network’) and Yorkhill Children’s Charity, which will also be targeted by the protestors.

The international human rights group Zwischengeschlecht.org demands the prohibition of forced genital surgeries on children and adolescents with ‘atypical’ sex anatomy and “Human Rights for Hermaphrodites too!”

Persons concerned shall later decide themselves, if they want surgeries or not, and if yes, which.

Kind regards

Daniela Truffer / Zwischengeschlecht.org (President, person concerned)
Mobile: +41 76 398 06 50

Markus Bauer / Zwischengeschlecht.org (Research & Policy)
Mobile: +41 78 829 12 60

https://www.stopigm.org
http://humanrights.4hermaphrodites2.org

BACKGROUND

One to two in 1,000 children are born with ‘atypical’ or ‘ambiguous genitals.’ 90% of them are still submitted to non-consensual cosmetic genital surgeries and other invasive medical interventions at a very early age—without actual medical need, without evidence of any benefit for the recipients, but in blatant violation of their human rights.

The doctors call it ‘clitoris reductions,’ ‘penile reconstructions’ and ‘surgical challenges,’ hellbent on ‘correcting’ what they deem ‘too big clitorises’ and ‘imperfect penises’ as quickly as possible, putting pressure on confused parents to ‘fix’ the ‘disorder.’

Survivors experience these procedures as ‘Western Genital Mutilation’ and have been protesting against these systematic, massive and irreversible practices as a gross violation of physical integrity for over 20 years.

Yet still most paediatric endocrinologists and surgeons turn a blind eye to their victims’ pleas–as well as to the mounting evidence-based data on the negative impact of these irreversible cosmetic genital surgeries.

Case in point: The speakers and chairs of the ‘4th International DSD Symposium’ starting in Glasgow today (for referenced examples see the Open Letter, p 2).

>>> Open Letter of Concern to ‘4th I-DSD Symposium’ (PDF) 

>>> 7 Peaceful Protests: All the Dates, Places and Times 

STOP IGM Primer:
What everyone should know about Intersex Genital Mutilations (IGM)!
>>> Download (PDF, 1.95 MB)

Documentation
‘Intersex Genital Mutilations: History & Current Practice’
>>> Download (PDF, 2.4 MB)   [ TRIGGER WARNING!!! ]

• Open Letter to ’51st Annual Meeting of ESPE’ 2012
• Open Letter to ‘3rd EuroDSD Symposium’ 2011
• Open Letter to ’11th EMBL/EMBO Conference’ 2010

       

INTERSEX FACT SHEET    >>> PDF (75 kb)

Western Genital Mutilation
a.k.a. Cosmetic Genital Surgery performed on Children
Switzerland 14th Universal Periodic Review 2012

Summary:
Clitoris amputations and other cosmetic “genital corrections” in children’s clinics

Clitoris amputations on young girls have been prevalent in western medicine since the 19th century as therapy for a) masturbation, b) hysteria, and c) “enlarged clitoris”. While amputations motivated by a) and b) had been abandoned between 1900 and 1945, amputations of “enlarged clitorises” took a sharp rise after 1950 and became de facto medical standard on newborns in the 1960s, partly in combination with gonadectomies (castrations). Doctors argued, these amputations would not affect the ability to achieve orgasm. However, in the 1980s they switched to new techniques involving only partial removal of the clitoris, allegedly now preserving sexual sensation. In addition, a new trend emerged towards “masculinizing surgeries”. Since the 1990s, the persons concerned denounce all of these surgeries as “immensely destructive of sexual sensation”, as western genital mutilation, and as violation of their right to physical integrity and self-determination. 2011, UN-CAT criticized cosmetic “genital corrections” and recommended  investigations into the practice (CAT/C/DEU/CO/5 [>>> PDF, 474 kb], point 20. “Intersex people”, p. 6-7).

14th Universal Periodic Review

In 2012 for the first time an NGO of persons concerned and supporters from Switzerland, Zwischengeschlecht.org, is asking the Human Rights Council for help in order to abolish these harmful practices. See issue 18 from Swiss NGO Coalition’s Submission (p. 9):

18. Cosmetic genital surgery performed on children

About 1 child in 1000 is born with “inconclusive“ physical sexual characteristics (hermaphrodism, intersex, disorders of sex development). Such children are very frequently operated on “for cosmetic reasons” at a baby age. Those affected often see these operations as unwanted surgery without medical necessity and evidence. Furthermore, such interventions represent an infringement to the right to physical integrity and self-determination.

Recommendation

Switzerland should establish a commission to deal with the issues of those affected by the consequences of cosmetic genital surgery in an unbiased and fair manner.

In the name of the persons concerned, we petition the members of the Human Rights Council to consider their pleas and to help forcing the Swiss government to abandon mutilating cosmetic surgeries on defenseless children.

Contact:
Daniela Truffer, person concerned and founding member of Zwischengeschlecht.org
info_at_zwischengeschlecht.org
Mobile +41 76 398 06 50

>>> intersex.shadowreport.org
>>> humanrights.4hermaphrodites2.org
>>> stop.genitalmutilation.org  
  

STOP IGM Primer:
What everyone should know about Intersex Genital Mutilations (IGM)!
>>> Download (PDF, 1.95 MB)

Documentation
‘Intersex Genital Mutilations: History & Current Practice’
>>> Download (PDF, 2.4 MB)   [ TRIGGER WARNING!!! ]

• Open Letter to ’51st Annual Meeting of ESPE’ 2012
• Open Letter to ‘3rd EuroDSD Symposium’ 2011
• Open Letter to ’11th EMBL/EMBO Conference’ 2010

Photo: UNHRC UPR #14, Geneva 20.10.2012

STOP IGM Primer:  What everyone should know about Intersex Genital Mutilations, 
the ongoing 20 Year Fight to End it,
and 17 Years of Peaceful Intersex Protests!

>>> Download (PDF 1.95 MB)

Be informed – Take part in ending IGM!

Documentation
‘Intersex Genital Mutilations: History & Current Practice’
>>> Download (PDF, 2.4 MB)   [ TRIGGER WARNING!!! ]

L.t.r.: Holly Greenberry (Intersex UK), Daniela “Nella” Truffer (StopIGM.org), UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Juan E. Méndez, Mauro Cabral (Justicia Intersex), Makus Bauer (StopIGM.org).

At the 22nd session of the Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in Geneva, the Special Rapporteur on Torture (SRT), Juan E. Méndez, presented his ground-breaking report >>> “Torture and Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatments in Health-Care Settings” (PDF) including several paras addressing IGM Practices (e.g. 77, 76, 88):

2013: UN SR Torture, A/HRC/22/53, 1 February 2013, paras 77, 76, 88: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf

77. Children who are born with atypical sex characteristics are often subject to irreversible sex assignment, involuntary sterilization, involuntary genital normalizing surgery, performed without their informed consent, or that of their parents, “in an attempt to fix their sex”, [107] leaving them with permanent, irreversible infertility and causing severe mental suffering.

76. […] These procedures [genital-normalizing surgeries] are rarely medically necessary,[106] can cause scarring, loss of sexual sensation, pain, incontinence and lifelong depression and have also been criticized as being unscientific, potentially harmful and contributing to stigma (A/HRC/14/20, para. 23). […]

88. The Special Rapporteur calls upon all States to repeal any law allowing intrusive and irreversible treatments, including forced genital-normalizing surgery, involuntary sterilization, unethical experimentation, medical display, “reparative therapies” or “conversion therapies”, when enforced or administered without the free and informed consent of the person concerned. He also calls upon them to outlaw forced or coerced sterilization in all circumstances and provide special protection to individuals belonging to marginalized groups.

 
Zwischengeschlecht.org/StopIGM.org welcomed the report by presententing to the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture (SRT), Juan E. Méndez,

a) the following documentation on IGM practices:

>>> Download (PDF, 2.4 MB)   [ TRIGGER WARNING!!! ]

This documentation contains leaks from notable medical publications 1763-2012, outlining how intersex children and adults have been systematically submitted to medical display, gruesome medical experiments and various forms of genital mutilations on an industrial scale for more than 60 years, and proving that the crimes against intersex people without doubt constitute at least cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or even torture.

A seperate chapter documents in words and pictures the current 3 most frequent medically not necessary, irreversible cosmetic genital surgeries on children with Variations of Sex Anatomy a.k.a. Intersex Genital Mutilations (IGM).

>>> Download Documentation (PDF, 2.4 MB)   [ TRIGGER WARNING!!! ]

b) together with Ann Tamar-Mattis (Advocates for Informed Choice, AIC), in a private meeting with Juan E. Méndez we discussed a >>> Joint Statement (PDF) by StopIGM.org and AIC addressing some concerns with the report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture.

Be informed – Take part in ending IGM!

STOP IGM Primer:
What everyone should know about Intersex Genital Mutilations (IGM)!
>>> Download (PDF, 1.95 MB) 

Intersex Genital Mutilations • 17 Most Common Forms
Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy
IGM – Historical Overview • What is Intersex? • How Common are IGMs?
>>> Download PDF (3.65 MB)     >>> Table of Contents

IGM as a Harmful Practice: 2015 UN-CRC Briefing
• IGM: A Survivor’s Perspective • Intersex Movement History
• What are Variations of Sex Anatomy?  • What are IGM Practices?
• IGM and Human Rights  • Conclusion: IGM as a Harmful Practice
>>> Download PDF (3.14 MB)     >>> Table of Contents